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health(suchas“Caffeineconsumptionreducesbonegrowthinkids”)，andmore.Halfthestatementswereshowntwiceandhalfonlyonce.Asyouwouldbynowexpecbthevolunteersweremorejikelytobelievethestatementsthatwereshowntwicethanthoseshownonlyonce(the训usorytrutheftectatwork).ThenVajlentinaaskedthevolunteerswhichstatementstheywouldliketoshareonaTwitteraccount.Loandbehold，theParticipantsweremorejikelytowanttoSharethosestatementstheyobservedtwicethanthosetheyobservedonlyonce.ValentinawonderedwhetherrepeatedStatementsweremoreoftensharedbecauseherParticipantsbelievedthemtobetrue.TIoanswerthisquestion,sheconductedaStatisticalanalysis(knownas7zeidztzo710delz125).TheanalysisWasconsistentwithherhunchthatrepeatedheadlinesw记indeedbesharedmoreoftenbecausePeoplebelievethemtobetrue.Thissuggeststhatmostpeoplearenottryingtomisleadanyone，Jothecontrarymostprefertoshareinformationtheypelzeoveisaccurate.Theproblemissimplythatrepetitionleadspeopletobemistakenaboutwhatistrue.ThisProblemisnotatallnew.Itisamodernmanifestationofanoldpredicament.ATRUTHBIASInthefallof1934，salesofChesterfteldcigarettesdeclinedsharplyduetogrowinghealthconcerns.Itwasnotthefearofjungcancerthatdrovepeopleawayfromthebrand.ITherelationshipbetweensmokingandcancerwasnotevenSuspecte

《Look Again 万维钢》pdf 百度

duntilthe1940Ss.PeoplestoppedbuyingChesterfteldsbecause由eywerescaredof.…leprosy孔Leprosyisaninfectiousdiseasethatcauseslargedisfiguringskinsoresandextensivenervedamagetothelimbs.Itisbothrareandtreatabletodaybutitwasagraveconcerninthe1930s.Whywouldpeople由inkthatsmokingChesterfieldcigarettescausesjeprosy?WelarumorcirculatedthataleperwasworkingintheChesterfieldfactoryinRichmond,Virginia.AccordingtothestorywanyonewhosmokedChesterfieldswasatriskofcatchingtheterribledisease.Despitethelackofcellphones,emails，andsocialmedia，thetalespreadacrossthecounttryjikewildfire.Theresult?Peopleturnedtootherbrands.ThemakersofChesterfteldtriedtoftghttherumorwithalltheirmight.TheyranadsShowingtheirSparkling-cleanmachinesatwotk.TIheyconvincedthetrustedmayorofRichmondtoissueano全cialstatement:“ITheChesterfieldfactoryhadbeenexaminedandnoleperwasfound.”Alas,theattemptswerefruitless.9alescontinuedtoplummetanddidnotbouncebackforawholedecade.Nooneknowsexactlyhowtherumorstarted，butthemakersofChesterfieldsuspectedtheircompetitorsmadeituptogainashareofChesterfteldsmarket.InmanywaystheChesterfieldstoryisaclassiccaseofmisinformationescalation.Therumorevokedbothcuriosityandfear，whichcausedPeopletoPayattentionandsharetheinformationwithothers.Rep

Look Again 【再看一眼】 微盘 txt

etitionthenincreasedPeople'sbeliefintherumor(PartiallybecauseeaseofProcessingincreased)，whichincreasedthelikelihoodthatitwouldbesharedfurther.Peoplebejlievedtheleperstoryforanotherreason,，onwhichwehaveyettotouch:“thetruthbias.242Thetruthbiasisthebasichumantendencytobelievewhatwearetold.Wetendtoassumethatothersaretellingthetruthbecausetheyusuallyare.Suppose,forexample,thatyouareinanewtownandyouaskstrangersfordirections.Itwillprobablynotcrossyourmindthattheyaretryingtogetyoulost.Ingeneral,trustingothersisnecessaryforafunctioningSociety.ItwouldbeimpossibletoliveinaworldinwhicheveryoneassUumeseveryoneelseisjying.Butthetruthbiascangetusinrealtrouble,asevidencedbythebillionsofdollarslosteveryyeartoPhishingscamsandotherincidentsoffraud.Again,it'Snotonjlythetechiliterate,theelderlyorteenagerswhofallforthetruthbiasandthereforeforscams.ManySavvybusinesspeople,andsophisticatedpeopleofallotherkinds,havebeenvictims，Considerthewell-publicizedcaseofAnnaSorokin，whoPretendedtobeawealthyGermanheiressandwhodefraudedmajorNewYorkinvestors，banks，andhotelsforlargesumsofmoney.OfconsideracaseinwhichNer7O7zB77zzzeybestsellingauthorswerescammedintoemailingtheirsoon-to-be-publishedmanuscriptstoamanpretendingtobetheireditorsassistant.

Look Again 万维钢txt

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