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本文节选自《Look Again 万维钢》电子版：

informationtakeseftortandrequiresvaluableresources，Whenyouhear，“VitaminCcanhelptreatthecommoncold,”youknowthatyouhaveheardthestatementbefore，butyoudonotnecessarilyrecall计youhearditfromyourSuperstitiousUncleoratrustedscientist.Nevertheless，thefamiliar，truthierheuristickicksin，JusthearingPartofastatemenbsuchas“Housemicecanrun”makes让morejikelythatyouw记believethefullstatement:“Housemicecanrunfortymilesperhour.”Beingexposedtothefirstfewwordsmakesyoufeelas计youhavebeenexposedtothewholestatement，whichinturngivesyouasenseoffamiliaritywhichinturntriggersthefamiliar,truthierheuristic.芒Thisiswhyrepeatingastatementtodebunkitcanbackfire.ImaginethatyouUITFacebookfriendPinocchioPosts“MostinmatesintheU.9，areimmigrants.”Youlookthisupandfnditisuntrue,soyouposb“ItisuntruethatmostinmatesintheU.S.areimmigrants.”NovwyourotherfriendGeppettoscrollsthroughhisfeedandencountersbothposts.Thephrase“mostinmatesin由eU.S.areimmigrants”becomesfamiliartohimbecauseofrepetitionand由erefore/eetrue.Geppettodoesnotrememberyournegation,onlythebasicclaim，Geppetto,likemostofus,ishighjlyattunedtoPrimaryinformation:whethertheweatherreportsaysthatitisgoingtobecoldtodaywhetheracandidateforPublico鱼ceclaimsthathewasawarhero,whetherth

《Look Again 万维钢》mobi 微盘

elocalnewspaperreportsthatafamoustelevisionStarcommittedadrugoffense.BycontrasbGeppettoislessattunedto“meta-information,”meaninginformationaboutwhetherPrimatryinformationisaccurate.开youareclearlytoldthatthesupposedWeatherreportwasajoke,orthatapublico伍cialisdistortinghisrecordtoattractvotes,yYOUWon'texactlyignorethat.But计youtelikeGeppetto(andmostpeople)，youw记giveitlessweightthanyouShould.开youlikepsychologicalterms,thisoneisknownas71Uet2cog72tNzVe712]1O2I.]Whatallthismeansisthatyouneedtobecarefu]lnottorepeatfalsehoodseven让itistodebunkthem.Sometimesitisbesttoignoreafalsehoodaltogethertoavoidgivingittraction，TIobeSure，Ssometimesfalsehoodsneedtobeaddqressedhead-on.Buteveninthosesituations,youshouldavoidrepeatingthemisinformationandinsteadlayoutthefacts.Forexample,whichdoyouthinkwouldbeabetterstatementtopost让youaretryingtorefutePinocchio'spostthat“mostinmatesintheU.S.areimmigrants?A.“Fewerthan10percentofinmatesintheU.S.areimmigrants.”B.“91percentofinmatesintheU.S.werebornintheU.S.”Attheircore,bothstatementsconveytheSameidea.However,statementAtiestogetherthewordzz71ltg116withzz27124terinpeoplesminds.AssociatingthesetwoconceptsmayUnintentionajllytriggerafamiliaritysignalwhenpeoplehear“mostin

《Look Again 万维钢》mobi

matesintheU.S.areimmigrants”afewweekslater，whichmaycausethestatementtoseemvalid.StatementBavoidsthatpitfall.EASIER,TRUTHIERWhenyouhaveheardsomethingoverandoveritfeelsfamiliar,andyoumightwellbelievethatitmustbetrue.Butthatisnottheonjyreasonrepetitionleadsyoutoacceptclaims.ThereismoretoitLet'ssayyouafeexposedtoapieceofinformationforthefirsttime一forexample“ashrimp'sheartisinitshead.”Iso,yourbrainwillspendagoodamountofenergyprocessingthisnugget.Youmaytrytoimaginetheheartinthehead,oryoumayttrytorecallthelasttimeyouateshrimp.ThenexttimeyouareexposedtotheSamePieceofinformation(“ashrimp'sheartisinitshead”)，yourbraindoesnotneedtodomuchwortk,soitrespondsless.ThethirdtimeT.了到Thisisaformof(ashrimp'sheartisinitshead”)，evenlessandevenfastehabituation.JustasyourbrainStopsrespondingtothesmellofyouraftershaveafterrepeatedUse,SoitStopsrespondingtotheclaim“ashrimp'sheartisinitshead.”Tobeclear，wearenotSayingthatthesameneuralmechanismthatdesensitizesyoutoyouUTownaftershavealsocausesyouto_believerepeatedinformation.WhatweareSayingisthatthebasicPrinciple一namelythatZeU7Q/11OCCU5N1NG好17CCUCed172VJONNC加1Cjeated5311IUL1一isatworkinbothcases.Whenitiseffortlessforyoutoprocessinformationbecauseofrepetition(ie.，

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