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本文节选自《Look Again 万维钢》电子版：

withasalespersonasawomanratherthanasaman,ofasBlackratherthanaswhite.Thesevirtualexperiencesareafarcryfromrealexperiences，ofcourse，but由eyhavebeenfoundtosignifticantlyreduceimplicitracialbias.2Onereasonmaybethatbiasesandtheireffectssuddenlybecomeapparenbwhichinducesdishabituationtodiscrimination.ThesestudiestellusthatavisceralandintimateunderstandingofanotherPersonsexperienceproducesdishabituation.Mostpeoplew训nothaveaccesstosuchvirtualrealitytools,anditmaybeimpossibletoknowhovwitreallyfeelstobesomeoneelse,butwecangainasmallwindowonanother'sexistencethroughclosefriendshipswithmembersofanothergroup.IThesecanhelptoSomeextent,butformeasurablechangeweneedtoftndwaystomakediscriminationseemodd,unusualandstartling.DISHABITUATIONENTREPRENEURSH玉SomeonerepeatsaJewishlastnameSeveraltimesoverdinner,andthenreferstosomeoneasthe“GentleJew”thegeneralreactionatthetablecouldtakemultipleforms.Itcouldbeanappreciativejaugh,anodofrecognition，oranexpressionofoutrage.A_laughoranodwillnotunsettleanythingandmightentrenchit;anexpressionofoutragew训disturbtheimpressionofnormalcy(andhaveadishabituatingeffect).A“natural”interventionthatmakesdiscriminationseemjarringandunfamiliar,adeparturefromwhatisnormalandunremarkable,ma

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ybeneeded.Dishabituationentrepreneufrs一peoplesuchasMargaret9awyer,whoareabletoseetheproblemandreactinrealtime一mayberequiredtomaketheunseenseen.9awyeriswhite,butshebothobservedtheproblematicnatureoftheRedCrossposterandpointeditout.Onceshedidthat，otherssawitaswellandreacted.IfadishabituationentrepreneurhadstoodupatCass'sdinnerPartyorTalissciencemeeting,theincidentwouldhavebeensalientandalteredPeoplesexpectationsofwhatisacceptable.InthehistoryofcivilrightsintheUnitedStates，RosaParkswasonesuchentrepreneur.OnDecember1195$,shefamouslyrefusedtositinthebackofabusinMontgomeryAlabama,Signalingthatracialsegregationwasachoice,notaninevitabilityandthatthechoiceoppressedBlackpeople.TIhatsignalwasheardloudlynotleastbywhitepeople,someofwhombecamedishabituatedtoSegregation.AnotherdishabituationentrepreneurisCatharineMacKinnon.In1978,shePublishedSexuaLPazawy11aeNtOTDRz12gJ72zzezjJl0whichhashelpedtodefinethinkingaboutsexdiscriminationfordecades.MacKinnon'sbookdidthreethingsatonce.Fifsbitessentiallyinventedanewterm:YEXUALDa1a511UC1NThetermwasitselfdishabituating.ItnamedaPracticethathadpreviouslygoneUncharacterized.Second,，MacKinnonarguedthatsexualharassmentwassexdiscrimination，andthusaviolationofcivilrightsja

《Look Again 万维钢》mobi

ws:amanwhosexuallyharassedawomanwasdoingSopecatieypeW4ay4WU07114a12andwasthusengagingindiscriminationonthebasisofsex.Thatclaimwasalsoaformofdishabituation.Radicalandnewin1978，MacKinnonscentralarfgumentwasacceptedbyaunanimousSupremeCoUrtasearlyas1986,inanopinionwrtittenbyChiefJusticeWilliamRehnquisbafamousconservative:“WhenaSupervisorsexuallyharassesasubordinatebecauseofthesubordinate'ssex,thatSUpervisor"discriminatesonthebasisofSex.>二Third,MacKinnon?sbookofferedasetofnarrativesfromwomenwhohadbeensubjecttosexualharassment，IhehorrifticdetailsinthenarrativesPUreadersintheshoesofthosewhohadbeensexuallyharassed.Afterreadingherbookpeoplewerenotlikelytobeabletothinkthatsexualharassmentwasanacceptablepartoflife.Theczazozofdzrxjpapzttatzo12aswemightcallitcouldeasilyoccupyalargelibrary，includingBettyFriedan's7BeFezazzztzzeLigzeandSolomonNorthup's7zelveTajr4Saoe孔Whatleadssomeoneto_becomeadishabituationentrepreneur?WhySawyer，Parks，Grifin，andMacKinnon一andnotalltheotherpeoplewhosatonasegregatedbusorobservedorexperiencedSexualharassment”Wearenotawareofanyresearchdirectlyaddqressingthisquestion.ButcertainlyacombinationofnatureandnurturegeneratesindividualswhoarelessconformisbmoreskepticalmorecoUrageous，

Look Again 【再看一眼】mobi

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