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theSounds，whileothers(amixofcreativesandnoncreatives)didthehabituationtaskfirst.BycomparingtheperformanceofthecreativeswhowerePreexposedtothesoundswiththeperformanceofthecreativeswhowerenotPreexposed，Shelleycouldmeasuretheimpactofhabitationonthecreativegroup.Shedidthesameforthenoncreatives.Shefoundthatthecreativeswerelessaffectedbyrepetitionthannoncreatives.Thatis,despitehearingthesamesoundoverandover,creativesstillattendedto，andnoticed,thesoundswellenoughtocompletetheassociationtasK.寺Doesthatmeancfeativeshabituateslower?Ormaybetheydzrhabituatefasterwhenneeded，Ormaybeboth，Shelley'sstudycannotanswerthesequestionsdirectly.Butotherscientistshaveexaminedphysiologicalhabituationdirectlyandtheyfoundthatmorecreativepeopledoindeedshowjlessphysiologicalhabituation(asmeasuredbyskinconductanceresponse)tosounds.53Itseems，then,thataj2tzlzuzetohabituatemayindeedberelatedtoinnovativethinking.Inthepreviouschapter,wediscussedstudiesthatfoundafailuretohabituateinpeoplewithmentalhealthproblems.Peoplesufferingfromschizophrenia,forexample,alsoshowslowhabituationtosounds.ShelleybelievesthatwhatmayseemjikeadeficitinsomepeoplemayendupPbeinganadvantageinothers.Inabilitytoflteroutseeminglyirrelevantinformationcanleadtodifcultiesofvariouskinds(Suchasaninabilitytofocus).Butitmayalsoprovidethemindwitha

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largerangeofinformationtoPlayaroundwithandrecombineintounusualandoriginalideas.ShelleythinksthelatterisespeciallytrueinpeoplewithahighIQ.2Provideanintelligentmindwitharandommixofseeminglyirrelevantinformation,andonceinwhileabrilliantnewideawilemerge.OUTOFARUTWedon'tknow计Fosburywasaslowhabituater,butwedoknowthathehadaccesstoanunusualmixofinformationthatwascriticalforhisinnovation.人keytoFosbury'ssuccesswasthatinadditiontobeinganathlete，hewasanengineeringStudent.HisknowledgeofmechanicsenabledhimtoPerfectthebackwardjump.Fosburydevelopedhisunusualjumpslowlyovertwoyears，combiningengineeringtheorywithphysicalpracticeFirstFosburydiscoveredthatbyarchinghisback，hiscenterofgravitywouldstaybelowthebarashisbodycruisedoverit.Second，hecompletelychangedhowheapproachedthebar.JInsteadofsprintingforwardlikeeveryoneelse,hesprinteddiagonally.Andwhiletheotherjumperstookoffatthesamespotregardlessofthebarsheight，Fosburymovedhisspotfartherawayfromthebarasitwasraised.Thistrickincreasedhis"fighttime”andwascriticalforhisSuccess.Itwasahugedeparturefromnormalmostjumperstooko企aboutonefootawayfromthebar,butFosburywouldtakeo企asfarasfourfeetawaytoattempttheveryhighbars.ManycoachesthoughtthatFosburywascrazy.Oneofhishighschoolcoachestoldanother“Hesnevergoingtobeajumperunlesshegivesupthisgod-awfulwhateveryouca

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llit.玉weteachhimtostraddle,maybehecanscoreforusatdistrict.Butwiththis一notgonnahappen.2Newthinking,andrealoriginalityoftencomesfrompeoplewhoareinsomeSenseoutsiders一individqualswhohavedifferentknowledgeorskillsetsfromothersinthefield.Inljaw,someofthemostcreativewotkinthelastfiftyyeafshascomefromthefteldofeconomics.Lawyerswitheconomicstraining,，andceconomistsinterestedinlaw，haveasked,“Ifwelookatthelawfromanceconomicperspective，howmightwethinkdifferently?”Itisn'texactlytheFosburyfop,butitproducedaNobelPrizeforRonaldCoasein1991.Ineconomics,someofthemostcreativeworkinthelastfiftyyearshascomefromthefieldofpsychology.EconomistswithaninterestinPsychologyandPsychologistsinterestedineconomics，haveaskedq,“HIfwelookateconomicquestionsfromaPsychologicalperspective，whatwouldwedodifferently?”ThatquestionproducedNobelPrizesforDanielKahneman,apsychologist,in2002;forRobertShillerin2013;andforRichardThalerin2017，Thaler,probablythemostpioneeringofbehavioraleconomists,mightwellbeseenastheDickFosburyofthesocialsciences.Hewasn'tespeciallygoodatmath,sohisacademicpromisewasnotexactlyterrific;inhisownwords，Iwasonlyanaverageeconomistwithrathermodestprospects.”Attheageofthirty-two,heSays，“Idecided,comewhatmay工wasgoingtopursuethepossibilityofcombiningPsychologywitheconomics>18_whichPuthiminapositionto

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