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本文节选自《Look Again 万维钢》电子版:
Asaresulbthemajorityweremorejikelytodothingsthatputthemindangerofinfection.Iobesure,somepeopleexaggeratedtherisktobeginwith,whileothersunderestimatedit.ButtheoverallpatternwasdesensitizationBeingmorealarmedbynewandunfamiliarrisksthanbyoldandfamiliaronesiscommonJoanditneednotbeirrational.Aswehavesaid,Peopleshouldlearnfromexperience.Recall,however,thatexperienceislimitedandmaynotcoOnveythewholestory.WeoftengetundulyscaredbyrelativelynewrisksthatarenotSuchabigdeal(thinkaboutgeneticallymodifedfood)andareoftennotbotheredbyoldrisksthatkillalotofpeople(thinkaboutdrivingorunhealthyeating).ThegeneralPhenomenon一“scaredbythenewboldwiththeold一isanoutgrowthofriskhabituation.Asthenevwandunfamiliarriskbecomesoldhat,Peoplemaytreatitassmallerthanitactuallyis.HabituationisoneofmanyreasonsWhyexperiencedinvestorscafrrymoreiiskyinvestmentportfoliosthandolessexperiencedinvestorts.革ThesametrendisobservedonconstructionsitesandotherworkSettings.Mostaccidentshappenlateinaprojectratherthanearlyon.卫Asthedayspass,Workershabituate.Theyfeellessandlessfear,sotheytakefewerprecautions.JournalistNeilSwideytellstheextraordinarystoryofthedecade-longBostonHarborcleanup.世HyouvisitBostonHarbortodayyouwillbemetbystun
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ning,clear-bluewaters,,pepperedwithwhitesailingboats.Butonlyafewdecadesago,theharborwasthedirtiestintheUnitedStates.Thepollutedwaterswerepepperedwithdebris.Theharborsmakeoverwasacomplexengineeringfeatemployinghundredsofworkersandcosting9%4billion.ItalsotookthelivesofSeveralmen,allkilledduringthelatestagesoftheproject.Ahigh-riskmissionatthecompletionoftheten-yearptojectledtotwoofthedeaths.Fivediversweresentintoatubehundredsoffeetbelowtheoceanfoortoremoveheavysafetyplugs.ThetunnelhadnooxygenorlightandatitsnarrowestWasonjlyfivefeetindiameter.Thediversweretotravelallthewaytothefarendoftheten-mile-longtunnelandtheninsideaseriesofpipesonlythirtyincheswide.Despitethecomplexityoftheprojecbthediverstrainedforitforonlytwoweeksandreliedonanexperimentalbreathingapparatus.Thebreathingsystemfailedandonlythreeofthediversgottosafetywandwithonjlythirtysecondstospare.ThetragedyaccordingtoSwideyoccurredbecausetheprojectmanagerandteamacceptedlowstandardsofsafety.IheydidsoeventhoughthesamemanagerandteamhaddemonstratedfawlessjudgmentandcautionforthePrevioustenyears.Seeingtheendinsightandhavingexperiencednobadoutcomes,theyhadadistortedperceptionofrisk.“Wealknowexamplesofasawyerinasawmilwhohaslostsom
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efingers.Thisusuallyhappenstothosewhohavemanyyeatrsofexperienceandinthemeantimehavelosttheirrisksensitivity”sayssafetyexpertJuniDaalmans.准AsDaalmansexplains,youdonotneedtobeaSawyer,diver,ormagiciantoexperiencethenew-hatold-hattransformation;youprobablyexperienceitathome.“HabituationisoneofthemainreasonswhytherisksensitivityathomegenerallyisSolow.Alotofaccidentshappeninthedomesticenvironmentbecausewearetoocomplacent.”Asheputsib“IThefactthat5$0percentofSerious_accidentsoccurinthedomesticenvifonmentisa_directtesultofhabituation.215Riskhabituationaffectsusal一inthekitchen,ontheplayground,inthePoolandontheroads,wheremorethanthirty-eightthousandAmericansdieeveryyeafr.Manydriversarelesscarefulthantheyshouldbebecausetheyhavegonealongtimewithoutanaccident.Whatcanwedotoovefcometheproblem,HOGERTRAFIKOMLAGGNINGEN,OR“SHAKEITUP"Atexactly生50a.m.onSundaySeptember3,1967,trafhcinSwedenstopped.Cars,trucks,buses,motorcycjles,andbicyclesallcametoacompletehalt一andthencarefullymovedtotheoppositesideoftheroad.ThedayisknownasHOgertrafikomliggningen,whichtranslatesto“theright-handtrafficdiversion,”orH-dayforShort.ItwasthedaySwedenchangedfromdrivingontheleftsideoftheroadtotheright.Themovewasinitiatedto
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