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Whenexamtimecamearound,thestudentsloggedontoreceivetheirgrades.Somestudentsdiscoveredtheydidwellwhileothersfoundtheirgradeswerelowerthantheyhadhoped.Regardless,theyimmediatelyreportedtheircurrentmoodonascaleAaronprovidedandcontinuedtodosoeveryforty-ftveminutesforthenexteighthours.MartinandRonaldparticipatedinAaron'sexperiment.Theybothreceivedagradeof85.Nowyouprobablythink8$isagoodgrade.MartinandRonalddidnotthinkso，LikemostofAaronstudents，MartinandRonaldwereambitious;theywouldhavebeenhappywitha95butfound85disappPointing.MartinandRonaldhaddifferentlevelsofbaselinemood;MartintendedtobehappierthanRonald.Butuponreceivingtheirgrades,bothreportedadeclineinmoodofexactlyhalfapointonaScalefromonetosevenrelativeto由eirbasejline.Asyoumayhaveguessed,thenegativeeffectwasnotljong-lasting.Momentsafterthegradewasrevealed,habituationkickedinandtheirmoodsstartedtoclimbbackup.ButatthispointMartinandRonalddiverged.Martinwasbacktohisnormalbaselinemoodlevelwithinthreeshorthours.Ronald,however，tookmorethaneighthourstorecover.WhatdifferedbetweenMartinandRonaldthatenabledonetoclimbbackto“normalcy”inlessthanhalfthetimeittooktheother?MartinandRonaldwerethesameageitheycamefromsimilarsocioeconomicbackgrounds;theyhadsupporti

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ngfamilyandfriends.TheyPlannedtogotomedicalschoolandcaredequallyabouttheirgrades.Therewas,however，oneimportantdifterencebetweenthetwo:Ronaldsufferedfromdepression，whileMatrtinneverexperiencedanymentalhealthproblems.Aarondiscoveredthatthemoodofstudentswhosufferedfromdepression，likeRonald,climbedbackataslowerratethanthemoodofhealthystudents，likeMartin.EveryonehabituatedeventuallybuttherateofhabituationwasmuchlengthierforstudentsreportingSymptomsofdepression:Whatiffascinatingisthatzz2ztzzaLl7anot-So-goodgradedidnotaffectdepressedRonaldmorethanitdidhealthyMartin.Rather,theeffectofdepressionwasrevealedovertime一depressiontookitstollontheabilitytobounceback.Thequestioniswhy.Alikelyanswerisrumination.Ruminationismentally“chewing”athoughtoverandoverandover.Justasacowbringsbackpreviouslychewedfoodfromitsstomachtochewonasecondtime,youmaymentallyProcessanegativeevent(likeafailedrelationship，anunsuccessfuljobinterview，oralossinasportsevent)onlytobringitbacktomindandobsessoverityetagain.Ronaldcouldnotstopthinkingabouthisgrade.Hekeptwortryingwhetheritwouldhurthischancesofgettingintomedicalschool.Hewondered让hewasn'tsmartenough.NotonlydidhekeepthoughtsaboutthegradealiveandkickinginhismindlongerthanMartin,Ronal

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dalsoexaggeratedtheseverityoftheSituationeverytimehe中oughtaboutit.Asaresulbittookhimlongertorecoveremotionally.Ruminationistypicalofindividualssufferingfromdepression3ManyPsychologistsbelieveitczzxverdepression.TIhatis，aninabilitytoletgoofintrusivethoughtsaboutfailure,heartache,orminordisappointmentsleadstodepression.MartintooSpenttimeconsideringwhyhereceivedanot-so-greatgradeandwhathecoulddobetternexttime.Buthewasquickertodeployhisattentionelsewhere一tohisdinnerPlanswithhisgirlfriend，Lauren，tothechemistryProjectthatwasduenextweeletohisswimteamPractice一andthesethoughtscrowdedouttheinfuenceofthegrade.Oneofusonceaskedaphilosopherofemotionshowtostopbeinginlovewiththewrongperson.Heranswer:“Iheresonlyoneway.FallinlovewithSomebodyelse.”FROMAWORM'S-EYEVIEWLetusturnfromminorletdownstomajorsetbacks.Numberfouronourlist一a刚obalpandemic.RememberMarch2020，Forus,asforsomanyotherpeople，emails人oodedin,announcingclosuresandcancelationsduetotheCOVID-19Pandemic.工让esomanyothers,wefeltstressedandanxious.Wewereinstructedtogatherourthingsandleaveouruniversityofhces.(Casssassistantaskedhimwhetherthiswouldbeshort-term.CassasSsuredherthatitprobablywouldbe.Badcall.)Meetingsandeventswehadplannedtoattendwerecanceled.TIhe

Look Again 【再看一眼】 PDF下载

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