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本文节选自《Look Again 万维钢》电子版：

Asyoumayremember，studieshaveshownthatwhenpeopleareinitiallyPresentedwithscaryimages,suchasthoseofpeopleshootinggunsorofscarydogs,theyexhibitastrongemotionalresponse.Theirheartrateincreases,theirpupiksexpand,，andneuronsintheiramygdalafire.YebwitheachadditionalPresentationofthesamePicture,theirresponsedecreasesfurtherandfurther，untilitsubsidesaltogether.3Generallyspeaking,thisformofhabituation(whichissometimesreferredtoasemotionaladaptationoremotionalhabituation)isacleverfeatureofthebrain.Emotionisasignalthatbroadcasts“Ihisisimportanttakenotice,yoUmayneedtoreact.”But让SomethingapPearsagainandagainwithoutSeverelyaffectingus,it'sprobablynotthatimportantafterall,whichmeansthatemotioncanSubside.Emotionalhabituationisnotjustaboutfear;youcanadapttoanyemotion,goodorbad,suchaslove,excitementbandshame.LeanoraexperiencedsuchemotionalhabituationiitiswhyheremotionalreactiondecreasedfurtherandfurthereverytimeShelied.RepeateddishonestyislikeaChanelperfumeyouapplyoverandover.Atfirstyoueasilydetectitsdistinctivescenteverytimeyouspritz.Butovertimeandwithrepeatedapplications，youcanhardlysenseitspresence,Soyouapplyitmoreliberallyoblivioustowhynoonewillsitbyyouonyourmorningcommute，ITIhishappensbecauseneuronsinyourolfactorybulbdesensitizetothesmelloftheperfume.2Similarlyyouremotionalresponsetoyourow

Look Again 【再看一眼】pdf 百度网盘

ndishonestyisinitiallyStrongbutdecreasesovertime.WithoutanegativeemotionalreactiontoyoUIlies,youaremorelikelytolie.Hwegaveyouap记thatwouldmagicallyextinguishyourabilitytofeelemotion,youwouldlikelyliemore.Thisisnotahypotheticalexample.InanexperimentagroupofStudentsabouttotakeanexamweregivenpillscalledbeta-blockers,whichreduceemotionalarousal;theyweretwiceaslikelytocheatcomparedtostudentswhoreceivedaplacebol!Themedicationartificiallyreducedthatnegativefeelingthatcurbedcheating(abitlikethewayhabituationduetorepeatedljyingdoes).Ourmoralnature,whichmostofusconsidertobeadeepreflectionofwhoweare,seemstobemodulatedbybiologicalfunctionsthatcanbealteredwithatinypP记.THEPOLITICSOFLIESJonah'srepeatedlyingsoastoconcealhismissingtoetriggeredaneffectsimilartothatofabeta-blocker.Henolongerfeltbadwhenfbbingandasaresultdiditmoreandmore.Perhapsyoucanthinkoffriendsorfamilymemberswhoareinsimilarsituations”Individualsinanextramaritalaffairwhoatfrstagonizeovertheiractions,butafteryearsofthecheatingfeelnoremorseaboutit?Orotherswholierepeatedlyforsocialgainonsocialmediaordatingsites?Orthosewhotellfrequentfalsehoodstoadvancetheircareers?Alltheseindividqualslikelyhabituatetotheirlying.WhenIalisstudycameoutbjustweeksbeforethe2016presidentialelectionintheUnitedStates,ithitanerve.Manysawaconnectionbetweenth

Look Again 万维钢txt百度云

eftndingsandthebehaviorofthePresidentialcandidate(andlaterPresident)DonaldTrump，whowasaccusedofrepeatedlying.InterestinglyfactrcheckingofhisStatementsshowedthatinthefirsthundreddaysofhispresidencyheaveragedalmostfivefalsepublicclaimsaday.Thatnumbernearlydoubledmonthslater，risingtonineadayandreachedovernineteenpublicfalsestatementsadaybytheendofhisterm.8Manyfactorsmayliebehindthiscontinuousrise.Perhapstheincreaseisduetoareportingbias一thatis,moreofIfrump'sfalsehoodsmayhavebeenreportedovertimeratherthanmorebeingactuallyutteredbyhim.Anotherpossibilityisthatpastjliesneededtobecoveredupbymorejlies，causingafalsehoodescalation.Ormaybeliesledtopersonallybeneficialconsequences,，leadingtomoreandmorejies.Onestudyfoundthatdishonestypayso任inpolitics:poljiticianswhowerenotaversetolyingweremorejikelytogetreelected.2Althesecouldcauselyingtoincrease，butalongsideallthis，weSuspectthatinpoljitics,aselsewhere,repeatedjyingtriggersemotionalhabituationthatenablesmoreandmorejies，Thepicturebecomesevenmorealarmingwhenyouconsiderthatindividualsmayhabituatenotonlytotheirowndishonestybutalsotothatofothers.Politicallyspeaking，thissuggeststhatbothvotersandpoljiticaladvisersmaybecomedesensitizedtoapoliticiansfalsehoodsintheSamewaythattheydototheoverusedChanelperfumeoftheirspouse,makingthemlesslikelytoactto

Look Again 【再看一眼】 pdf 百度网盘

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